Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, theologian, and author who is widely recognized as one of the most influential scientists in history. Born on December 25, 1642 (old calendar), or January 4, 1643 (new calendar), in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, England, Newton's contributions to science laid the foundations for classical mechanics, optics, and calculus.
Newton was born prematurely and was not expected to survive. His father, also named Isaac Newton, died three months before he was born. His mother remarried, leaving young Newton with his grandmother. He attended King's School, Grantham where he showed an aptitude for science and mechanics. Later, in 1661, he entered Trinity College, Cambridge where he studied a variety of subjects including mathematics, physics, and philosophy. His time at Cambridge was interrupted by the Great Plague of 1665-1667, during which he returned to Woolsthorpe. It was during this period, known as his "year of wonders," that he made some of his most profound scientific discoveries.
Newton was elected as a Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge in 1689 and served as Master of the Royal Mint, where he oversaw the re-coinage of English currency. He was knighted by Queen Anne in 1705. Newton's later years were spent in London, where he continued his scientific work and his duties at the Mint. He died on March 20, 1727, in London and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
His work, especially the Principia, is considered one of the most important works in the history of science. Newton's laws of motion and universal gravitation were not only pivotal in advancing scientific understanding but also had profound effects on philosophy, theology, and the industrial revolution.